Since the discovery of X-rays, medicine has used them to detect human diseases. However, because some organs in the human body absorb X-rays with very little difference
Since the discovery of X-rays, medicine has used them to detect human diseases. However, because some organs in the human body absorb X-rays with very little difference, it is difficult to detect lesions in overlapping tissues using X-rays. Therefore, scientists in the United States and the United Kingdom began to search for something new to make up for the shortcomings of using X-ray technology to check human lesions.
In 1963, American physicist Cormack discovered that different tissues in the human body have different X-ray transmittance. In his research, he also derived some related calculation formulas, which laid the theoretical foundation for the later application of CT.
In 1967, British electronics engineer Hounsfield, without knowing the results of Cormack's research, also began working on a new technology. He first studied pattern recognition, and then made a simple scanning device that could enhance the X-ray radiation source, which later became CT, used for experimental scanning and measurement of the human head. Later, he used this device to measure the whole body and obtained the same effect.
In September 1971, Hounsfield collaborated with a neuroradiologist to install the device he designed and manufactured in a hospital outside London and began head examinations. On October 4, the hospital used it to examine the first patient. The patient lay supine with their head facing upwards while fully conscious. The X-ray tube was placed above the patient and rotated around the examination area. A counter was installed below the patient, so that the amount of X-ray absorption in each part of the body was reflected on the counter. After processing by an electronic computer, the images of each part of the body were displayed on the screen. This experiment was very successful.
In 1972, the first CT scanner was born, used only for cranial examinations. In April, Hounsfield announced this result at the British Radiology Annual Meeting, officially announcing the birth of CT.
In 1974, a whole-body CT scanner was produced, expanding the examination range to the chest, abdomen, spine, and limbs.
The first-generation CT scanner used a rotate/translate mode to scan and collect information. Due to the use of a pencil-shaped X-ray beam and only 1-2 detectors, the amount of data collected was small, the time required was long, and the image quality was poor.
The scanning method of the second-generation CT scanner remained unchanged from the previous generation, but the X-ray beam was changed to a fan shape, and the number of detectors increased to 30, expanding the scanning range, increasing data acquisition, and improving image quality. However, it still could not avoid artifacts caused by patient physiological movement.
The third-generation CT scanner increased the number of detectors to 300-800, and only rotated with the corresponding X-ray tube (rotate/rotate mode), collecting more data, scanning time within 5 seconds, greatly reducing artifacts, and significantly improving image quality.
The fourth-generation CT scanner increased the number of detectors to 1000-2400, and arranged them in a ring shape and fixed them. Only the X-ray tube rotated around the patient, which is the rotate/stationary mode. The scanning speed is fast, and the image quality is high.
The fifth-generation CT scanner shortened the scanning time to 50ms, solving the problem of cardiac scanning. An electron beam generated by an electron gun is shot at a ring-shaped tungsten target, and the ring-shaped detectors collect information. The launched 64-slice CT can obtain 64-layer images of the patient's body in only 0.33s, with a spatial resolution of less than 0.4mm, improving image quality, especially for imaging of the beating heart.
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In 1895, while studying the phenomenon of gas discharge in a cathode ray tube, German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered that a screen coated with barium platinocyanide
Penetration ability refers to the ability of X-rays to pass through matter without being absorbed. X-rays can penetrate substances that are opaque to visible light.
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